What are they? Nanozymes are nanomaterials that copy the job of enzymes. They turn one chemical into another, often following the same basic enzyme rules. Nanozymes are cheaper, stronger, and easier to store than natural enzymes.  Why do they matter? Natural enzymes can be fragile, expensive, and very sensitive to pH and temperature while nanozymes are stable and flexible. Scientists are able to change their size, shape, or surface, to control how well they work. What are the

HAND2, otherwise known as heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed 2, is a kind of gene used for encoding the protein heart and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2. This protein is a crucial aspect of the human body, as it has many different functions that add to survivability. The HAND2 protein is important for the development of vital organs in the body. Most of HAND2’s major roles have to do with the heart. Along with the HAND1 protein, it forms the right vent

What are Antisense Oligonucleotides? Antisense oligonucleotides are short, synthetic strands of nucleic acids that bind specifically to target RNA sequences. By attaching to RNA, they can model protein expression by blocking or altering RNA processing. They target diseases at the RNA level, addressing the root cause rather than just the symptoms. They remain a promising new method of treatment. Antisense oligonucleotides were discovered over two decades ago, but their develop

As temperature increases due to global warming, plants with high heat tolerance and high crop productivity have started to become favorable in agriculture. Temperature is a huge factor in the survival, growth and conditions of all life on Earth. Leading to the effects of heat stress and how heat stress tolerance in life forms, especially plants, becoming crucial to understand.  Plants have evolved mechanisms that change their metabolism as an effect of an increase in temperat

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are small proteins made by organisms as part of their innate immune system. They kill invading bacteria, fungi, and viruses by ripping their cell membrane and interfere with the processes of the microbe. Given that they don’t target human cells or other animal cells, cancer cells seem immune to AMPs. Many studies show, however, that this is not the case. Cancer cells are simply regular cells that have gone rogue. They usually arise from an imperf

Introduction Proteins are essential molecules that carry out nearly every function in the human body, such as building tissues to fight infections. Protein folding is the process by which a protein chain twists and bends into a specific 3D shape, which can determine how the protein functions in the body. Amino acids have a diverse range of chemical properties that influences protein folding, such as being hydrophobic or hydrophilic, as well as varying in their electric charge

3D printing is transforming medicine. One exciting innovation is printing blood vessels using hydrogels—soft, water-rich materials...

Overcoming Intron Barriers in Bacteria Recent research has shown that genes can move from one organism to another through a process...

A GPCR, or a G-protein-coupled receptor, is a protein located in the cell membrane of eukaryotic organisms, including both plants and...

The Endocrine System The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones. Hormones...

De-extinction, also known as resurrection biology, is a process that reverses plant and animal extinctions by making new varieties of the...

How can a scientist study the early stages of mammalian and human life without the need for a full embryo due to practical and ethical...

A clinical trial published in 2015 revealed that children who were exposed to peanuts at a young age were 81% less likely to develop...

Climate-resilient agriculture uses biotechnological innovation and AI-based technology to make food systems more resilient to ever more...

What Is Biomimicry and Why It Matters Biomimicry is the field of mimicking nature's successful strategies for solving human-related...

Metabolism is the chemical process in which foods and drinks are converted into energy. Metabolism is crucial to survival, as it also...

Introduction Optogenetics, a groundbreaking technique that precisely controls neural activity with the use of light-sensitive proteins,...

Plastics are used in all industries, becoming increasingly prevalent all over the world. Data shows that currently we use around 460...

Antimicrobial peptides are a type of molecule found throughout the body in the innate immune system. They are one of the first lines of...

Why is the Ocean Acidifying? Burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂)...